What caused the French revolution Research Paper

Toba Tek Singh free essay sample

Tek Singh is a parody on segment and its repercussions. The portrayal is solid yet not omniscient as the storyteller is unconscious of the intentions and implicit considerations of different characters in the story. The story is set up in a time allotment of a few years after parcel. The language is basic and intentionally dreary. Toba Tek Singh is one of the most well known stories by Manto on segment and is among his last ones. It was distributed in Maktab-e-Jadid in Lahore in 1955. Toba Tek Singh is an area in Punjab Province of Pakistan. The town and locale is named after a Sikh strict figure Tek Singh. Legend has it that Mr. Singh, a sort hearted man served water and gave haven to the exhausted and parched explorers passing by a little lake (TOBA in Punjabi) which in the long run was called Toba Tek Singh, and the encompassing settlement obtained a similar name. We will compose a custom paper test on Toba Tek Singh or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page There is additionally a recreation center here named after the Sardar Tek Singh. Each peruser on the double understands that it is an incredible parody, and furthermore a harsh prosecution of the political procedure and personal conduct standards that raised the Partition. Be that as it may, Manto's enchantment lies in the way that there is certainly not a solitary word in the story that lets us know so straightforwardly. Manto just attendants his perusers onto the street and leaves the rest to their distinctive creative mind. The main sentence of the story reveals to us that it happens a few years after the parcel, dropping us unexpectedly to an extremely long flashback. The Narrator toward the end finds Bishan Singh (Toba Tek Singh) in a No-Man’s-Land between the pointed limits of the two countries. As the story happens following two three years of Partition, it appears to be exceptionally mind blowing that the neurotics, yet the individuals around too can’t make sense of where the spot is presently. That’s the incongruity of the segment, where things got so stirred up was that nobody in reality knew well where India closes and where Pakistan starts. The point to be considered is that â€Å"partition† concocted â€Å"independence†. However, seemingly if there was any â€Å"independence† it was on a political front, yet was â€Å"Man† ever autonomous? Is it true that he was given a decision? Was his voice heard? I am helped to remember a couplet from Meer. He says Na Haq Hum Majburoon Pe Tohmat Hai Mukhtari Ki. Chahtay Hain So Aap Karay Hain, Hum Ko Ibbas Badnaam Kiya The story draws a qualification between the two boundaries. Either anywhere. No in the middle of exists. Consistently, one can’t be in two states on the double, similarly as, in different methods of social qualification, one can’t have two religions or two shading skins. Bishan accomplishes extreme insignificance by biting the dust on the outskirt between two states, in this manner selecting not one or the other. Set in a crazy house it utilizes frenzy as an illustration for rational soundness. That on the off chance that you were rational enough you would have not proceeded for such division that has enduring impacts. The defenseless insane people in the crazy house can't see the remaking occurring on the geo-political scene of â€Å"India†. They appear to be talking in a Ghalibian voice. Bazeecha-e-Atfaal Hai Duniya Mere Aagay. Hota Hai Shab-o-Roz Tamasha Mere Aagay. The World is nevertheless a game that kids play before my eyes. The Spectacle that spends night and day before my eyes With a dash of harsh amusingness the creator depicts the disarray when this news arrives at the crazy house in Lahore . In this manner the remarks and responses of the different psychos present there must not be excused as silly. The similitude of frenzy works at various levels. At the most essential level, the frenzy of the shelter is a metonym for the franticness that unleashes devastation in the country on the loose. In an unexpected way, the frantic are viewed as saner than the rational whose ‘reason’ drove them to partition a country into two. Likewise, the point of view of the frantic, the individuals who are at the edges of the general public, involves centrestage and in a rearranged way difficulties the method of reasoning of the predominant legislative issues of those at the focal point of intensity. Further ,when the activity is set against strange scenes of loot and loot one gets mindful of the fundamental incongruity in the harmony and agreement of the crazy house and the mental stability of the maniacs highlighting madness of the purported â€Å"sane† legislators. The equivocalness of the nationhood is communicated when we are informed that one crazy person became involved with this entire disarray of Pakistan and Hindustan and Hindustan and Pakistan that he wound up extensively madder than previously. The crazy people in the Lahore haven are a microcosm of the general public. Through them all areas of the general public and focused on and caricaturized and in the midst of them is Bihsan Singh who effectively opposes every such character push onto them by picking something that has a place with nobody. Manto in this manner isn't simply scrutinizing the two-country hypothesis yet additionally the ery thought of nationhood as the premise of one’s character which later makes an unexpected individual personality emergency and breaks the feeling of having a place. It merits seeing that Manto has represented a spot as a character who happens to be the principle hero of the story-Toba Tek Singh convincingly connoting the level of connection an d love he has and in spite of being far away, Alas! Bishan Singh is indistinct from Toba Tek Singh as though they represent the equivalent. He is by all accounts saying. Tangle Pooch K Kya Haal Hai Mera Tera Peechay. Tu Dekh K Kya Rang Hai Tera Mere Aagay. You need not to ask how I feel when I am away from you. See with your own eyes how you feel when you are before my eyes. Toba Tek Singh is given an extremely foolish decision. To pick between two beloveds that he cherishes similarly. Trapped in the demonstration, Bishan Singh doesn't have the foggiest idea what to do and his brain encounters the effort of powers from far edges. Torn by this strange yet occupant decision he needs to make, he is by all accounts mumbling the accompanying line of Ghalib. Eeman Mujhe Rokay hai To Kheenchay Hai Mujhe Kufrr. Ka’aba Meray Peechay Hai Kaleesa Mere Aagay. My Faith Restrains me, while the draw of unbelief pulls in me. That way the Ka’aba and along these lines the Church, Before my eyes. Bishan accomplishes extreme insignificance by biting the dust on the fringe between two states, in this manner choosing neither one nor the other and thusly not settling on the indistinct presence of Toba Tek Singh. Jaan Tum Par Nisaar Karta Hoon. Mein Nahin Jaanta Dua Kya Hai. I would set out my life for you. For I don't have the foggiest idea what appealing to God for you implies. At the point when fiction composes history, writing turns into a novel wellspring of chronicled information. Fiction records viciousness; however it additionally alludes to the anonymous and frequently unnameable blame and disgrace, all things considered, It accomplishes more. In its human epitomes of history, it thinks about how conceivable it is †and the difficulty †of dealing with parcel, fringes, lines, parameters, maps, insiders, outcasts, us and them. On the off chance that Saadat Hasan Manto could come back to Wagah today, he would find that his fantasy of a subcontinent where individuals live as individuals, not individuals from a religion or rank, stays a fantasy still. He may review Faiz’s words: This mottled first light This night-nibbled morning No, this isn't the morning We had set out looking for. Or on the other hand he may wake up Toba Tek Singh, assist him with remaining on no man’s land once more.

How To Master Writing Essays?

How To Master Writing Essays?Humerous informal essay samples are created to make you think. It is the perfect way to confuse your mind about what you write. For example, when you are writing an essay about how you feel about a certain event, it is all the more challenging if you will write in the formal style. Because of this, the best way to avoid mistakes is to study examples that will confuse you.Essays are usually written by college students. Hence, one should not worry if the essay samples are written by university students or by other students that are just beginning their professional careers. There are several kinds of essays and it can be difficult to choose the right one. That is why they are created with the help of the person who will be writing the essay.People do not think that the meanings of the words in informal essay samples will be different from the formal ones. This is because words have the same meaning in any kind of essay. They just have different meanings in the context of essays.The meaning of informal essay samples will mainly be contextual and depend on the kind of writing and the writer's personal preferences. The sample essays will generally be created for the audience members. Because of this, the audience of the essay will also be important. This is the reason why you need to consider this when choosing the examples that you will use.Another important thing to consider is the audience. The audience may be a specific class, a certain gender, age group, or it may be a specific sub-group. The audience will be decided by the audience member's gender, age, and the kind of writing.In these cases, you can already use the online versions of the essay samples. Many of these essays are already ready and are available for you to use. You just need to find them on the Internet. The online essay samples are mostly informal essay samples that can be easily used by you to learn and to practice.Essays are mostly composed by the writer himself. T he writer usually has a vision for the essay and writes it down. This is how you can learn to write essays without having to read an essay that was written by someone else.You may also browse through some online communities where you can find the informal essay samples. There are also forums that allow you to interact with other people who are also writing essays. By talking with other writers, you will be able to know how to write good essays for writing a thesis or for a thesis paper. With this, you will also be able to enjoy the great works of other writers.

History of Frankincense, Ancient Aromatic Tree Resin

Frankincense is an ancient and fabled aromatic tree resin, its use as a fragrant perfume reported from a multitude of historical sources at least as early as 1500 BC. Frankincense consists of the dried resin from the frankincense tree, and it is one of the most common and sought-after of aromatic tree resins in the world even today. Purposes Frankincense resin was used in the past for a variety of medicinal, religious and social purposes, and many of those purposes are still used today. Its perhaps best-known use is to create a permeating scent by burning crystalized pieces during rites of passages such as weddings, childbirth, and funerals. The incense is and was used to smooth and oil hair and sweeten the breath; soot from the incense burners is and was used for eye makeup and tattoos. More pragmatically, melted incense resin is and was used to mend cracked pots and jars: filling the cracks with frankincense makes a vessel watertight again. The bark of the tree is and was used as a red-brown dye for cotton and leather clothing. Some species of resins have a delightful flavor, which is sampled by adding it to coffee or by simply chewing it. Frankincense also is and was also used as a household medicine for dental problems, swellings, bronchitis, and coughs. Harvesting Frankincense has never been domesticated or even truly cultivated: the trees grow where they will and survive in place for very long periods. The trees have no central trunk but seem to grow up out of the bare rock to heights of about 2-2.5 meters or about 7 or 8 feet. The resin is harvested by scraping a 2 centimeter (3/4 of an inch) opening and allowing the resin to ooze out on its own, and harden on the tree trunk. After a few weeks, the resin has dried and can be taken to market. Tapping the resin is done two to three times a year, spaced out so the tree can recover. Frankincense trees can be overexploited: take away too much resin and the seeds wont germinate. The process was not easy: the trees grow in oases surrounded by harsh deserts, and overland routes to market were difficult at best. Nonetheless, the market for incense was so great the traders used myths and fables to keep rivals away. Historical Mentions The Egyptian Ebers Papyrus dated to 1500 BC is the oldest known reference to frankincense, and it prescribes the resin as a use for throat infections and asthmatic attacks. In the first century AD, the Roman writer Pliny mentioned it as an antidote to hemlock; the Islamic philosopher Ibn Sina (or Avicenna, 980-1037 AD) recommended it for tumors, ulcers, and fevers. Other historical references to frankincense appear in the 6th century AD in the  Chinese herbal manuscript Mingyi Bielu, and numerous mentions appear in both old and new testaments of the Judeo-Christian bible. The Periplus maris Erythraei (Periplus of the Erythryean Sea), a 1st century sailors travel guide to shipping lanes in the Mediterranean, Arabian gulf and Indian Ocean, describes several natural products, including frankincense; Periplus states that South Arabian frankincense was of a finer quality and more highly prized than that from East Africa. The Greek writer Herodotus reported in the 5th century BC that frankincense trees were guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors: a myth promulgated to warn off rivals.   Five Species There are five species of frankincense tree which produce resins suitable for incense, although the two most commercial today are Boswellia carterii or B. freraeana. The resin harvested from the tree varies from species to species, but also within the same species, depending on local climatic conditions. B. carterii (or B. sacra, and called olibanum or dragons blood) is thought to be the tree mentioned in the bible. It grows in Somalia and the Dhofar valley of Oman. The Dhofar valley is a lush green oasis, watered by monsoonal rains in sharp contrast to its surrounding desert. That valley is still the leading source for frankincense in the world today, and the highest grade resins, called Silver and Hojari, are only found there.B. frereana and B. thurifera grow in northern Somalia and are the source of Coptic or Maydi frankincense, treasured by the Coptic church and Saudi Arabian Muslims. These resins have a lemony scent and today are manufactured into a popular chewing gum.B. papyrifera grows in Ethiopia and Sudan and produces a transparent, oily resin.B. serrata is Indian frankincense, golden brown in color and mainly burned as incense and used in Ayurvedic medicine. The International Spice Trade Frankincense, like many other aromatics and spices, was carried from its isolated origins to market along two international trade and commercial routes: the Incense Trade Route (or Incense Road) that carried the trade of Arabia, East Africa and India; and the  Silk Road  that passed through Parthia and Asia. Frankincense was extremely desired, and the demand for it, and the difficulty of getting it distributed to its Mediterranean customers was one of the reasons the Nabataean culture rose to prominence in the first century BC. The Nabataeans were able to monopolize the frankincense trade not at the source in modern Oman, but by controlling the Incense Trade Route that crossed Arabia, East Africa, and India. That trade sprang up during the classical period and had a huge impact on Nabataean architecture, culture, economy and urban development at Petra. Sources: Al Salameen Z. 2011.  The Nabataeans and Asia Minor.  Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry  11(2):55-78.Ben-Yehoshua S, Borowitz C, and HanuÃ… ¡ LO. 2011.  Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea.  Horticultural Reviews: John Wiley Sons, Inc. p 1-76. doi: 10.1002/9781118100592.ch1Erickson-Gini T, and Israel Y. 20113.  Excavating the Nabataean Incense Road.  Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies  1(1):24-53.Seland EH. 2014.Archaeology of Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 300BC–AD700.  Journal of Archaeological Research  22(4):367-402. doi: 10.1007/s10814-014-9075-7Tomber R. 2012.  From the Roman Red Sea to beyond the Empire: Egyptian ports and their trading partners.  British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan  18:201-215.

The Effects Of Popular Energy Drinks On Young Adults And...

Popular energy drinks, such as Rockstar, 5-Hour Energy, and Monster are consumed by individuals, as a way to remain cognizant, as well as alert, throughout their day. Many of the people consuming these drinks are young adults and teenagers. These people are oftentimes overwhelmed and busy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website, states, â€Å"Energy drinks are beverages that typically contain caffeine, other plant-based stimulants, simple sugars, and other additives. They are very popular among young people and are regularly consumed by 31% of 12- to 17-year-olds and 34% of 18- to 24-year-olds (CDC, 2015, p. 1). These statistics show the ages of people consuming these products and prove that it is mostly young people. Individuals might feel the need to consume an energy drink before a sports match, work, school, homework, or any task which requires them to be mentally, as well as physically alert. There are many different types of energy drinks people can consume and these beverages have similar ingredients. An advantage to these drinks, would be that an individual accomplishes their goal for the day, because they were given the energy to do so. There are also certain health benefits that might occur, due to these drinks. For example, they have ingredients that might protect against some illnesses. However, people who consume these drinks might not know that they could be risking their overall health. The Food and Drug Administration has all three of theseShow MoreRelatedDanger in Disguise Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesAs a busy teenager, I find my schedule filled with a variety of activities including athletics, academics, and other extra-curricular responsibilities. Although teenagers are supposed to have the opportunity to relax and enjoy their high school years, I find myself becoming overwhelmed with the stress of fulfilling all the expectations placed upon me. Living out such a hectic schedule can become tiresome, and I often find mys elf running low on mental and physical energy. Because we constantlyRead MoreEffects Of Energy Drink Consumption On All Age Groups Are Real And Impacts1613 Words   |  7 Pageslimited English sources dated 2005 to 2010, energy drinks have become more popular among teenagers and young adults (Rath, 2012). SixWise.com’s (2008) article â€Å"What is really in a hot dog?† provided evidence that just because the product is purchased by the public does not automatically mean it is beneficial long term (Wyrick). This new craze of energy drinks has the world consuming them at a staggering rate. The debates concerning the effects among energy drink consumption in all age groups are realRead MoreTopic On Alcopops And Teen Binge Drinking1338 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of getting drunk. Teenagers generally do this on a weekend and the drink of choice is the sweet flavoured Alcopops. 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The Coca-Cola Company took note on their success with Coke, so they produce many similar products that would then fit the lifestyle of everyone, such as Coke Zero, Diet Coke, Caffeine FreeRead MorePepsi Elements Of Marketing Strategy814 Words   |  4 Pagesworld. The marketing strategy and mix both are connected to target marketing, focusing on the company needs and wants in a large group setting. According to Young’s study, â€Å"PepsiCo’s marketing mix has evolved over time, especially because of the effects of mergers and acquisitions† (2016). The marketing mix or 4Ps is the combination of strategies and tactics that the firm uses to implement its marketing plan. Their four policy procedures are advertising, sale promotion, direct marketing and public

History and Evolution of Dogs free essay sample

Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors from their wolf ancestors, being pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today. Although experts largely disagree over the details of dog domestication, it is agreed that human interaction played a significant role in shaping the subspecies. Shortly after domestication, dogs became ubiquitous in human populations, and spread throughout the world. Emigrants from Siberia likely crossed the Bering Strait with dogs in their company, and some experts suggest the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,000 years ago. We will write a custom essay sample on History and Evolution of Dogs or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. The divergence date of roughly 15,000 years ago is based in part on archaeological evidence that demonstrates the domestication of dogs occurred more than 15,000 years ago,and some genetic evidence indicates the domestication of dogs from their wolf ancestors began in the late Upper Paleolithic close to the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago. But there is a wide range of other, contradictory findings that make this issue controversial. Archaeological evidence suggests the latest dogs could have diverged from wolves was roughly 15,000 years ago, although it is possible they diverged much earlier. In 2008, a team of international scientists released findings from an excavation at Goyet Cave in Belgium declaring a large, toothy canine existed 31,700 years ago and ate a diet of horse, musk ox and reindeer. Prior to this Belgian discovery, the earliest dog fossils were two large skulls from Russia and a mandible from Germany dated from roughly 14,000 years ago. Remains of smaller dogs from Natufian cave deposits in the Middle East, including the earliest burial of a human being with a domestic dog, have been dated to around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. There is a great deal of archaeological evidence for dogs throughout Europe and Asia around this period and through the next two thousand years, with fossils uncovered in Germany, the French Alps, and Iraq, and cave paintings in Turkey The oldest remains of a domesticated dog in the Americas were found in Texas and have been dated to about 9,400 years ago.

Thematic Apperception Test Personality Assessment free essay sample

The history of the Thematic Apperception Test is controversial. This test was published in 1943 and is still widely used today. Being able to look at a photo card as a stimulus for storytelling was a breakthrough for personality testing. This test has its share of controversy as far as reliability, validity and cultural implications. Key words; thematic, validity, reliability, personality. Thematic Apperception Test for Personality Assessment Personality test has been around for over a century and new ones are still being produced. Two of the most frequently used personality test is the Rorschach Inkblot Test, and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). We will look at the TAT’s origin, content, purpose, structure, administration and scoring guidelines. We will also look at the validity, strengths and weakness, and multicultural aspects of the test. The Thematic Apperception Test evolved after over decade of work and was finally â€Å"published by Henry A. Murray and the Staff of Harvard Psychological Clinic in 1943† (Morgan, 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Thematic Apperception Test Personality Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was a lot of controversy over who the author really was. Christina Morgan was originally cited as the senior author when the Series B cards came out but later removed Morgan, 2002). The test had been through three revisions and had a rough start. The goal of this test is to get a person to respond to indistinct stimuli so their personality could be better understood (Frey). By using this method, the therapist hope one would divulge and emotions that they are not showing and any internal conflicts (Frey). When the test first was published, it consists of a set of cards with pictures glued to them, mostly of people. Later more cards were created with pictures drawn in preparation for more use. The Series of cards were labeled â€Å"A-D’. â€Å"Series A† was the original set of cards and were in flux throughout development. â€Å"Series B† consist of thirty cards ten for men, ten for women and ten for both sexes. â€Å"Series C† have twenty eight cards that were used in 1942. â€Å"Series D† was issued in 1943 with thirty one cards and they are still in use today. These cards were modified over time to decrease the complexity and details in order to increase ambiguity (Morgan, 1995). The authors were probably trying to raise the likelihood of projective identification (Morgan, 1995). The purpose of the test is to evaluate personality in conjunction with other test. The TAT is extensively used to research certain subjects â€Å"in psychology, such as dreams and fantasies, mate selection, the factors that motivate peoples choice of occupations, and similar subjects† (Frey). It is occasionally â€Å"used in psychiatric evaluations to assess disordered thinking and in forensic examinations to evaluate crime suspects, even though it is not a diagnostic test† (Frey). The TAT can also be helpful to individuals when it comes to understanding their own personality in with greater intensity and adding to that information in making significant life decisions. â€Å"Lastly, it is sometimes used as screener psychological evaluations of candidates for high-stress occupations (law enforcement, the military, religious ministry, for example)† (Frey). There is not a standardize set of rules for the TAT. The set of cards that are used are up to the clinician and the test is not timed. The administrator should explain the purpose of the test and clarify anything that’s confusing. Also they should make sure the room is quiet, and free of distractions. Murray intends for each person to be given twenty cards but due to time constraints, most people give ten to fourteen cards. Individuals are given cards and are told to tell a story about the cards. They have to tell what led them to their conclusion about the card. They have to express what the characters is feeling, thinking and what’s happening at the moment. The stories have to have three parts, beginning, middle and end. The final card they are given is a blank card and they are told to make up their own story with the same information as the previous cards. Examples of the cards are a girl standing alone looking as if she had been frightened, and a young man and older man standing together with the older man pointing as if making a point or arguing with the younger man. The directions can be modified for children and adults with limited intelligence. The cards are kept faced down until needed. The examiner must record all the responses by hand or machine. In order to get all the nonverbal, you may have to take hand notes. This test is not scored like other test. Keep in mind that there are no right and wrong answers; there is no normative scoring system. Experts who use the test recommend that clinicians obtain background history including personal and medical information from the individuals in order to have a base to go on when evaluating the test. The original scoring system by Murray is deemed time-consuming and cumbersome and not used as much today. New scoring systems have been developed that use fewer variables â€Å"for examples, hostility or depression†. These new systems lack comprehensiveness but are good for clinical use. Two of the scoring systems are The Defense Mechanisms Manual (DMM) was developed to use with the TAT. It assesses three defenses: denial (least mature), projection (intermediate), and identification (most mature) as shown in the stories from the cards (The Defense Mechanism Manual). The second system is Social Cognition and Object Relations SCOR scale. â€Å"This assesses four different dimensions of object relations and social cognition as measured from the TAT: Complexity of Representations of People , Affect-Tone of Relationship Paradigms, and Capacity for Emotional Investment in Relationships and Moral Standards, and Understanding of Social Causality† (Gold, Kerber, Lohr, Silk, amp; Westen, 1990). Clinicians frequently report that the TAT’s reliability for test-retest is poor. A research was done to show that standard estimates may not be appropriate when looking at reliability in TAT. The study was conducted over a two year period and the results they were expected were in the rage of . 40-. 50. The present results were. 48-. 56 slightly higher than predicted. The results show that classical psychometrics may not be compatible and alpha is not an appropriate measure. Reliability is not as easily determine for this test since each response is based on how or if the subject answers the question. Some researchers would say that TAT is not a valid test while others disagree. Those who don’t believe the test are misused in clinical settings and there is no correlation between storytelling and self-report. Those who disagree say that TAT uses implicit/explicit difference â€Å"found in other cognitive domains, the two types of motives reflect different levels of awareness and are related to different modes of information processing† (McAdams amp; A. , 2001)). The big three implicit motives achievement, power, and ntimacy/affiliation have been validated for over forty years and are part of extremely successful research programs, and TAT have all of these elements. Criticisms about the TAT are it is not administered the same way each time, and because it is difficult to standardize explanations the stories produce. Psychologist David McClelland created a scoring system to help to introduce more strictness. Research that was conducted show that three factors (race, sex, and social class) influence what stories are told and how they are translated. The cards that are used have been criticized for having a gloomy and negative tone consequently limiting the degree of personality characteristics that can be explored using the TAT. Finally the TAT which follows the Freudian theory of repression has lost some of its pull in Western psychology which may cause its use to decline. Multicultural differences have to be taken in to account when scoring or interpreting the results. Different cultures may see the cards differently because of their background. Their story could be considered normal in their culture. In addition, the 1992 Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association requires examiners to be knowledgeable about cultural and social differences, and to be responsible in interpreting test results with regard to these differences† (Frey). When the cards were first created, all of the figures were white so the cards now have more variety just in case it was an issue. Cards are created for each culture that is using them to keep the photos relevant to them. Personality tests have evolved over the years but the Thematic Apperception Test is still in use. It started with a controversial beginning as far as authorship and contributors. Some would say that this test is reliable and a valid way to help assess someone’s personality type in conjunction with other test. Every test has weakness and precautions need to be taken to help avoid any validation issues.

Free Essays on American Propaganda Of The First World War

American Propaganda of The First World War As the Great War dragged on in Europe throughout 1914, 1915, and 1916, an overwhelming majority of the American people were determined to stay out of a war they saw as none of their affair. America was still strongly isolationist and deeply reluctant to become involved in the disputes of the outside world. President Wilson had just won reelection to a second term based in large part upon his policy of staying out of the great European war, and was perceived as unlikely to allow the republic to be dragged into the bloody fighting across the Atlantic. But as events coalesced in 1917 a stark and threatening future appeared imminent. The Germans had just launched unrestricted submarine warfare in an effort to starve Great Britain into submission, the French armies appeared about to collapse, and Russia had dissolved in chaos and revolution. By early spring it had become increasingly clear to President Wilson and his advisers that the United States had no choice but to join the allied cause. If America didn’t come to the aid of the Allies Imperial Germany was certain to win, with dire consequences for the future of democracy. When America finally entered the war on April 6, 1917, it was very clear in Washington that unwavering public support would be crucial to the success of the wartime effort. So, as Pratkanis relates, (1999) within a week of the declaration of war President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to promote the war domestically while publicizing American war aims abroad. The CPI recruited heavily from the business, newspaper, and art worlds, and blended public relations techniques with a sophisticated understanding of human psychology to disseminate propaganda on an unprecedented scale. The first task of the new organization was research. CPI staff were set to work gathering information about the war, particularly material rega... Free Essays on American Propaganda Of The First World War Free Essays on American Propaganda Of The First World War American Propaganda of The First World War As the Great War dragged on in Europe throughout 1914, 1915, and 1916, an overwhelming majority of the American people were determined to stay out of a war they saw as none of their affair. America was still strongly isolationist and deeply reluctant to become involved in the disputes of the outside world. President Wilson had just won reelection to a second term based in large part upon his policy of staying out of the great European war, and was perceived as unlikely to allow the republic to be dragged into the bloody fighting across the Atlantic. But as events coalesced in 1917 a stark and threatening future appeared imminent. The Germans had just launched unrestricted submarine warfare in an effort to starve Great Britain into submission, the French armies appeared about to collapse, and Russia had dissolved in chaos and revolution. By early spring it had become increasingly clear to President Wilson and his advisers that the United States had no choice but to join the allied cause. If America didn’t come to the aid of the Allies Imperial Germany was certain to win, with dire consequences for the future of democracy. When America finally entered the war on April 6, 1917, it was very clear in Washington that unwavering public support would be crucial to the success of the wartime effort. So, as Pratkanis relates, (1999) within a week of the declaration of war President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to promote the war domestically while publicizing American war aims abroad. The CPI recruited heavily from the business, newspaper, and art worlds, and blended public relations techniques with a sophisticated understanding of human psychology to disseminate propaganda on an unprecedented scale. The first task of the new organization was research. CPI staff were set to work gathering information about the war, particularly material rega...

In the Last Throes

In the Last Throes In the Last Throes In the Last Throes By Maeve Maddox An amusing egg-corn that has just appeared on my radar is that of writing in the throes of as in the throws of. A protagonist in the throws of madness Plaster cast of a Pompeii resident in the throws of death Iraq is in the last throws of insurgency AMD in final death throws? in the throws of the epidemic Question: Why do cockroaches die on their backs? Answer: Because in the throws of death, they often tip or topple over Although both words may derive from the same Old English word, à ¾rawan to twist, turn writhe, theyve been used with distinctly different meanings long enough to make the mix-up amusing. (Throe may derive instead from O.E. à ¾rowian to suffer.) The OED offers these definitions: throe: A violent spasm or pang, such as convulses the body, limbs, or face. Also, a spasm of feeling; a paroxysm; agony of mind; anguish.  Ã‚  Ã‚      The pain and struggle of childbirth; pl. labour-pangs. The agony of death; the death-struggle, death-throe. A violent convulsion or struggle preceding or accompanying the ‘bringing forth’ of something. To confuse the issue, theres a blog called In the Throws of Resistance, and a song called In the Throws of a Moral Quandary. Theres also a villainous group (Marvel Comics) called the Death-Throws. Their name is a pun on death throes. Theyre jugglers. The things they throw cause death, hence, death throws. Take care next time you want to express the idea of intense suffering or passion. Throes in the sense of violent feeling is too good a word to throw away. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidDeck the HallsDrama vs. Melodrama

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Operations Management - Essay Example The efficient processing of work flow tends to cause an impact on the reduction of inventories which saves costs immensely. Inventory cost at times may be too much to bear for organizations and therefore reduction of inventories saves cost for organizations. Focusing on high quality may reduce the cost of redoing the task again. Customers want high quality products at all time and organizations should ensure high quality working environment to reduce the changes or complains that are related to quality by customers. This would build strong brand image and reduce the cost and time of producing the product again. Overheads should be eliminated to the maximum level so that work processed and flows are faster and the further steps are carried out in a more effective manner. Reduction of overhead costs tends to make the organization highly cost effective. While focusing on generating revenue at a fast pace, the order deliveries need to be made quick, this way cash flows may be improving at a constant mode and cost of working capital may be reduced immensely. Customers are satisfied with faster deliveries and for organizations cash flows are improved (Meredith and Schafer, 24). The element of communicating and delegating tasks in an effective mode may allow the employees to do error free work and this further would result in meeting the demands of the customers in an effective way without facing the issue of customer complains. Orders from customers will come in more as they will be satisfied with the results. Error free work will allow the employee hard work to be recognized by the organization and this will further improve the working conditions of the employees (Meredith and Schafer, 24). Responding to customers at a fast pace may allow the unit cost of the product or service to be abridged at a certain level.

The ANKRD42 Gene Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The ANKRD42 Gene - Dissertation Example If so, the program determines the locations of the start and stop codons. The length of the protein, the presence of the Kozak consensus sequence at the start codon and the length of the reference predicted protein are weighed by the program as positive. From the research, the results show that the ANKRD42 gene was found to exhibit bright bands of the expected size. Ciliated cells exhibited strong immunoreactivity in cilia, neuronal cells were moderately stained while other normal cells exhibited weak stains or negative expression. The gene is well expressed with the expression being detected in normal cells including the testis, brain cerebellum, fetal brain, heart, Rathke's pouches, cecum, urinary bladder, spinal cord, prostate, salivary gland, thymus, skeletal muscle and small intestine among other tissues. Due to this, it was put aside and no further tests were conducted to investigate its potential as a cancer marker. MAEL Gene The MAEL gene is described as maelstrom spermatogen ic transposon silencer which creates a protein that was initially located in Drosophila melanogaster in the nuage perinuclear structure. It is believed to have a functionality that is similar to the spindle gene class. The gene Maelstrom is a protein-coding gene that is associated with diseases such as gonorrhea and essential hypertension. The gene encodes a novel protein that is distributed in the cytoplasm of the nurse cell as well as the oocyte until the protein disappears in stage 7 of oogenesis.

Chicago Race Riot of 1919 Essay -- African American

Unit 4 Paper On July 27, 1919, a young black man named Eugene Williams swam past an invisible line of segregation at a popular public beach on Lake Michigan, Chicago. He was stoned by several white bystanders, knocked unconscious and drowned, and his death set off one of the bloodiest riots in Chicago’s history (Shogun 96). The Chicago race riot was not the result of the incident alone. Several factors, including the economic, social and political differences between blacks and whites, the post-war atmosphere and the psychology of race relations in 1919, combined to make Chicago a prime target for this event. Although the riot was a catalyst for several short-term solutions to the racial tensions, it did little to improve race relations in the long run. It was many years before the nation truly addressed the underlying conflicts that sparked the riot of 1919. This observation is reflected in many of author James Baldwin’s essays in which he emphasizes that positive change can only occur when both races recognize the Negro as an equal among men politically, economically and socially. There is some history that explains why the incident on that Chicago beach escalated to the point where 23 blacks and 15 whites were killed, 500 more were injured and 1,000 blacks were left homeless (96). When the local police were summoned to the scene, they refused to arrest the white man identified as the one who instigated the attack. It was generally acknowledged that the state should â€Å"look the other way† as long as private violence stayed at a low level (Waskow 265). This police indifference, viewed by most blacks as racial bias, played a major role in enraging the black population. In the wake of the Chica... ...on.† 1956. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998: 606-613. Lee, Alfred McClung. Race Riot/by Alfred McClung Lee and Norman Daymond Humphrey. New York: The Dryden Press, 1943. Lee, Alfred McClung. Race riots aren’t necessary/by Alfred McClung Lee in cooperation with the American Council on Race Relations. New York: Public Affairs Committee, 1945. Mitchell, J. Paul. Race Riots in Black and White. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Sandburg, Carl. The Chicago Race Riots. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1969. Shogan, Robert. The Detroit race riot; a study in violence, by Robert Shogan and Tom Craig. Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1964. Waskow, Arthur I. â€Å"The 1919 race riots [microform]: a study in the connections between conflict and violence/Arthur I Waskow.† Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1963.

Why were Witches women?

For over three centuries, early modern Europe was largely dominated by witchcraft persecutions, the scale of which such atrocities had never been witnessed before. These persecutions arose from various significant instabilities of the times. Tens of thousands of executions were carried out, especially within Central Europe and the vast majority of deaths were attributed to women. This is what was most remarkable about this period; the fact that so many women were recognised as practitioners of witchcraft. I shall be closely following the reasons for such large-scale prosecutions within the early modern period. In particular, I shall be looking at the different sub-categories concerning reasons for such a rise in the nature of witch prosecutions. These categories will be broken up as follows; the Church's view on maleficia, whom the witches were, the effect society had on the arrival of witchcraft, literature's perspective, natural thought and freethinking, and the confessions of witches. The Church was integral to the whole belief system within modern day Europe and was the main, driving component for social, economic and religious conformity. However, the Catholic Church as a unit had been threatened through ‘The Reformation' and theological perceptions and ideas were changing. People's interpretations and prior beliefs were now being challenged, criticised and there was now total religious uncertainty and unbalance within society. ‘This consequently led to the powerful ‘Counter Reformation' in which the Catholic Church began an attempt to not only counter the Protestant Reformation, but also to eliminate corruption, educate clergy and inspire faith in the common people'- (B. P. Levack, 1995). The combination of these two ecclesiastical revolutions induced the inevitable religious disorder, which in turn would spur the rise and development of more numerous and more extreme witch-hunts. In addition, these two reformed religions placed a renewed importance upon individual morals. ‘This issued many with the desire to place the burden of sins upon someone else, and in effect to acquire a scapegoat'- (B. P. Levack, 1995). Throughout history, such scapegoats have generally been the rejects of society, the loners, the sick, and the poor. This age was no different and in their search for a victim, someone to hold responsible, they found the witches. This period of great religious, social and economic transformation combined with the prevalence of epidemics and natural disasters now had a target on whom to lay all the blame upon; a physical embodiment of the evil that had been endured. Furthermore, as well as Martin Luther and Jean Calvin highlighting and condoning the burning of witches as ‘whores of Satan', the Church as a whole was responsible for accepting witchcraft as part of society, essentially forming the moral backing needed for such large-scale atrocities. So then, in 1485 the Catholic inquisition authorities published ‘Malleus Maleficarum'. This was essentially a book, confirming women as those responsible for witchcraft, as those capable of evil and temptation. ‘Women are by nature instruments of Satan†¦ they are by nature carnal, a structural defect rooted in the original creation' The bible also condemned witchcraft, or so people thought. Within Exodus 22:18 it orders, â€Å"Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live†. It is then this mixture of Church and theological backing that gave the people of Europe the authority to act upon the ‘witches' within society, and to destroy anyone suspected of witchcraft. ‘It is interesting to note then that this period of witch-hunting was most intense within Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Scotland, where the countries were religiously heterogeneous'- (G. Geis, 1997), comprising a mix of numerous Protestant and Catholic believers. Moreover, the witch-hunts themselves have long been seen as part of a ‘war against women', conducted overwhelmingly by men and particularly, by those in authority. Infact, Deborah Willis notes that â€Å"more polemical† feminist accounts â€Å"are likely to portray the witch as a heroic protofeminist resisting patriarchal oppression and a wholly innocent victim of a male-authored reign of terror designed to keep women in their place. † – (D. Willis, 1995, in web page). Holistically speaking, the Church's contribution to witchcraft fears and prosecutions led to the general belief within society that demons actively interfered upon the Earth and that witches were hugely prevalent concerning the interactions with and/or the dealings with such forces upon the Earth. In general, there was a greatly intensified and invigorated belief in the supernatural. For those who did not believe in such ideas, it still remained a plausible and effective tool for shifting the blame onto the women within society. It is now important to fully recognise whom these witches were and to discern the types of women victimised for such ‘crimes against humanity'. In general, it was the women from the lower sections of society who were seen as those who had the opportunity to commit harmful acts. Those who were widows and so were therefore able to conceal things and to hide within the cloak of darkness; to practice their magic and to meet with their familiars and even with the Devil himself, were often susceptible to prosecutions. In addition, these women were seen as ‘vessels of nature' and much closer to the environment and conditions of nature than men, and so more able to dominate the elements. The number of unmarried women was also increasing and this was another cause for fear within society. These women were considered a burden on society. The other group vulnerable to witchcraft accusations were midwives. One of the ostensible practices of witches was the execution and cannibalism of infants, especially those who had not yet been baptised into the Christian faith. Therefore, it is of no surprise that this particular group was especially focused upon in terms of prosecutions. It was essentially a way for grieving families to be able to lay blame upon the midwife for the death of their child, particularly within times of increasing infant mortality and occasional infanticide. The general view however was that witches were often cited as those ‘outsiders of society', reliant upon community relief and benefits, draining the land of it's wealth. Additionally, women were often cited with sorcery because of their traditional roles as cooks, nurses, midwives and keepers of the home. Witches were often associated as those who were in league with the Devil and as those who would meet at ‘Sabbats' to create spells, curses, practice killings and take part in lewd sexual acts with one another and with Satan himself. Single women were particularly focused upon for prosecutions concerning sexual abominations, as they were seen as more easily seductable and by far more sexual by nature. Indeed, the fact that the Devil was depicted as being the very form of a man highly extenuated the belief that women did take part in such acts. Society also saw women as being weaker in every sense of the word. They did not have the political power or physical capabilities to defend themselves. Therefore, they were thought to use magic to defend themselves and additionally make pacts with the Devil to achieve various things against their enemies. However, ‘the great witch hunts of the medieval period were long depicted as a ‘war against women', conducted mainly by men, especially those in central authority' (Willis, Malevolent Nurture, p. 12). The reason for this was ostensibly that men wanted to keep women in their rightful place within society, largely pacified and subdued. This came with the great fear of feminist accounts, which started to take place within this period. The subject of women projected as witches was widely held in belief within local communities and often formed the deciding factor in disputes within local communities. So if a particular person has had a bad harvest, or their child has dies in the night, the climate of Early Modern Europe was conducive to such accusations and provided the ammunition with which to prosecute. The times of the period were one of extreme economic turbulence and poverty. Across Western Europe in particular, the gulf between the rich and poor was consistently growing and there was a general decline also in the living standards of much of Europe. These conditions may however have persuaded people to contemplate using magic to help themselves and to achieve monetary or land gains, but on the other hand, it also maintained that accusations would be at a new high. Below is a table showing the relevance of monetary/land/food disputes within local communities and the effect being a widow within society would have concerning such disputes and jealousies in Essex, 1564-89: Kinship Relationships Husband and Wife * 4 Unspecified Quarrels (2) Sexual Jealousy (1) Broken Marriage Contract (1) Stepfather and Stepchild 1 Over Inheritance Grandmother and Grandchild 1 Obligation to collect wood Total 6 Neighbourly Relationships * (Object of dispute) * Food/Drink * 12 Animals 4 Money * 8 Implements 4 Unspecified loans 3 Boundaries/Land * 4 Children 3 Total 48 The difference shown in number between kinship quarrels and disputes within the community is substantial. It demonstrates the heightened debates and tension with local communities and supports the view that widows were particularly attacked within these times as defenceless, unimportant people of the community. Another crucial part of women being persecuted as witches, developed through another mind controlling and prevalent technique within this time period. This was the use of literature, so covering everything from the bible and Church readings to pamphlets and novels written within the time. It is not surprising that the ‘Malleus maleficarum' had such an influential effect upon the rise of women as victims of mass witch prosecutions. Shakespeare also wrote within this time period and included a wide range of texts, often shadowing events and topics within Europe at the time. One of the key texts he wrote was that of ‘Macbeth', where Macbeth and his wife gradually murder various people in line to the succession of Kingship for their own gratuitous ends. The central factor towards their warped ideals and evil dealings was that of the witches within the moors. These of course were depicted purely as women, with similar characteristics to those generally seen as witches within this same period. The very fact that Lady Macbeth had to effectively become a man and get rid of her female characteristics in order to succeed, parallels the social view of women within this time and further extenuates the likelihood of women as victims. Indeed, it is the prophecies of the witches that initiate the murder, corruption, greed and lies that manifest with Macbeth. The famous line of ‘is that a dagger I see before me' spoken by that of Macbeth represents the conjuring of illusionary magic, produced by the witches of the time. Furthermore, the witches and his wife are inextricably linked together, in that they both influence Macbeth, and so the social view of women being manipulative, a natural temptation (as referred to in the Malleus maleficarum), a necessary evil etc is evidently shown within the literature of the time. The Catholic Church concentrated specifically upon the natural sin and evil within the individual and as mentioned previously, people saw the ‘witches' as scapegoats, a group to blame for their sinful nature. The bible in particular was another greatly recognised and taught book within society and the very story of creation within Genesis demonstrates the sinful, easily tempted and generally weak nature of women. Also, within Revelation (the concluding chapter of the Bible), the sinful woman of ‘Babylon†¦ he Great Prostitute', was also another indication of the weakness of women and showed this to be the case from the very beginning of creation to the very end. In general, the people of Europe saw the massacre of the ‘witches' as a religious war of enacting justice on those directly against the will of God. One notion spread throughout literature was that of witches contacting and serving Diana, the ‘Goddess of the Moon'. Women were hence seen as the most likely persons to communicate with ‘Diana' as a league of women joined together. Some confessed to actually riding with Diana and taking part in various activities, however they were later recognised to be delusional. Overall, the introduction of the printing press and the generally increasing availability of literature to the masses, allowed for more rapid transfers of elite beliefs in witchcraft and especially women as active participants. The trials of women within this period serve to reinforce and validate the beliefs transmitted through popular literature. One of the most confusing and baffling aspects of the ‘women as witches' theme is that many actually confessed to charges against them. This of course did not help the assumption that ‘women were witches' and served to just heighten the prosecutions and fuel the killings. Many ‘witches' claimed that their experiences had been worthwhile and showed virtually no remorse whatsoever for their supposed actions. This was the case all over Europe and not just England, even though the killings were much more prevalent and torture much more extreme on the continent than in England. However, P. Levack described this fact as less surprising when various other considerations were taken into account. Such as the ‘women often being brought up to believe that they were indeed instruments of Satan and that they were the only imperfection within God's creation' (P. B. Levack, 1995). This however was simply society's effort to instil such beliefs so as to relieve the worry of female independence and to of course resume the scapegoat it had found within the period in question. It is particularly interesting to note that many women actually testified against others within the community. They made up 43 % of witnesses against other women. Briggs' notices that ‘women were active in building up reputations through gossip, deploying counter-magic and accusing suspects' (Briggs, 1995). Women were completely surrounded by each sector of society and it was virtually impossible for them to escape punishment of some sort if they had first been accused of witchcraft. Ecclesiastically, the whole Church acknowledged the position of women as witches within society; and this simply gave the general public the opportunity to lay the blame for all the famine, disease, deaths and religious intolerance within previous years. The elite simply kept maintaining this strongly held belief in witchcraft and furthermore sustained the prosecutions and provided the literature and ethics with which to support these beliefs. What is key to this topic is that most prosecution cases actually refer directly to traditionally female aspects, such as the home, the kitchen, and the nursery; and on ‘culturally defined female tasks or occupations such as feeding (poisoning), child-rearing (infanticide), healing (harming), birth (death)' (Christina Hole, date unknown). Furthermore, women within society were very much pacified throughout this time and this meant that they were easy targets for attack. These poor victims of attack simply existed within a delicate age of uncertainty, confusion and anger. Society believed in the existence of witchcraft and in the exponents of maleficia, the women of the times. On a more local scale too, communities widely looked to the accusation of witchcraft as a means to a specific end, whether it concerned land disputes or money disputes etc. These were very testing times, times of extreme economic struggles and religious disputes. In conclusion, it is interesting to note that as standards of living vastly improved and religious irregularities disappeared, prosecutions decreased dramatically and people suddenly began to notice that most prosecutions were actually highly nonsensical and irrational. Society gradually came to accept that it had indeed made many mistakes.

What Are Castles and Why Are They Important

Originally, a castle was a fortress built to protect strategic locations from enemy attack or to serve as a military base for invading armies. Some dictionaries describe a castle simply as a fortified habitation. The earliest modern castle design dates from Roman Legionary Camps. The medieval castles we know in Europe were constructed of earthwork and timber. Dating as far back as the 9th century, these early structures were often built over ancient Roman foundations. Over the next three centuries, wooden fortifications evolved into imposing stone walls. High parapets, or battlements, had narrow openings (embrasures) for shooting. By the 13th century, lofty stone towers were popping up across Europe. The Medieval castle at Penaranda de Duero, northern Spain is often how we imagine castles. People seeking protection from invading armies built villages around established castles. Local nobility took the safest residences for themselves — inside the castle walls. Castles became homes, and also served as important political centers. As Europe moved into the Renaissance, the role of castles expanded. Some were used as military fortresses and were controlled by a monarch. Others were unfortified palaces, mansions, or manor homes and served no military function. Still others, like the plantation castles of Northern Ireland, were large homes, fortified to protect immigrants like the Scots from the resentful local Irish inhabitants. The ruins of Tully Castle  in County Fermanagh, uninhabited since attacked and destroyed in 1641, exemplify the 17th century fortified house. Although Europe and Great Britain are famous for their castles, imposing fortresses and grand palaces have played an important role in most countries around the world. Japan is home to many impressive castles. Even the United States claims hundreds of modern castles built by wealthy businessmen. Some of the homes built during Americas Gilded Age resemble fortified habitations designed to keep out perceived enemies. Other Names for Castles A castle built as a military stronghold may be called a fort, fortress, stronghold, or stronghouse. A castle built as a home for nobility is a palace. In France, a castle built for nobility may be called a chateau (the plural is chateaux). Schlà ¶sser is the plural of Schlà ¶ss, which is the German equivalent of a castle or manor house. Why Do We Care About Castles? From the Middle Ages to todays world, the planned communities and system of the social order of medieval life have become romanticized, transformed into a time of honor, chivalry, and other knightly virtues. Americas fascination with wizardry didnt begin with Harry Potter or even Camelot.  The 15th-century British writer Sir Thomas Malory compiled the medieval legends weve come to know — the stories of King Arthur, Queen Guinevere, Sir Lancelot and the Knights of the Round Table. Much later, Medieval life was satirized by the popular American author Mark Twain in the 1889 novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court. Later still, Walt Disney placed the castle, modeled after Neuschwanstein in Germany, at the heart of his theme parks. The castle, or the fantasy of the fortified habitation, has become part of our American culture. It has also influenced our architecture and house design. The Example of Castle Ashby Watching a cricket match on the grounds of Castle Ashby, the casual travel might have little sense of the historical architecture in the background. Sir William Compton (1482-1528), an advisor and soldier in the court of King Henry VIII, bought Castle Ashby in 1512. The estate has been in the Compton family ever since. However, in 1574 the original castle was demolished by Sir Williams grandson, Henry, and the present fortification began being constructed. The first-floor plan was shaped like an E to celebrate the rule of Queen Elizabeth I. In 1635, additions squared off the design to create the inner courtyard — a more traditional floor plan for a fortified habitation (view floor plan of Castle Ashbys first floor). Today the private estate is not open to the public, although its gardens are a popular tourist destination (aerial view of Compton Estates, aka Castle Ashby). The design ideas behind the European architecture of England, Spain, Ireland, Germany, Italy, and France traveled across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World along with the pilgrims, pioneers, and immigrants from those lands. European or Western architecture (as opposed to the Eastern architecture of China and Japan) was built on a European historical heritage — the architecture of castles changed as technology and the needs of the inheritors changed. So, there is no one style of fortification, but elements and details keep reappearing in architectural history. Castle Details Handed Down The English word castle is from the Latin word castrum, meaning a fort or fortified habitation. The Roman castrum had a particular design — rectangular, enclosed by walls with towers and four gates, the interior space divided into four quadrants by two main streets. In architectural history, design often repeats itself as it did in 1695 when King William III visited Castle Ashby — grand boulevards were created in the four directions, although they were built outside the castle walls. Looking at the modern Castle Ashby (aerial view of Castle Ashby courtesy Charles Ward Photography and White Mills Marina), note the architectural details. Castles and fortified estates have given our own homes details that they may not otherwise have: Great Hall: Is your living room ever big enough? Thats why we finish off basement spaces. A communal living area is a tradition handed down for centuries. Australian architect Glenn Murcutt designed the floor plan of the Marika-Alderton House in a way that is strikingly similar to a quarter section of Castle Ashby.Tower: The tower is directly related to the Queen Anne style Victorian home. The protected stairway protrusion of the 1888 Rookery Building in Chicago is remarkably similar to the towers set in the courtyard of Castle Ashby.Keep: Castles often had one large, self-contained tower, as a retreat of last resort. Today, many homes have storm cellars or a safe room in case of emergencies.Center Chimney: What reason do we have for a fireplace in todays centrally heated home? Houses today may not have as many chimneys (or chimney pots) as has Castle Ashby, but the tradition remains.Habitation by Function (wings): Areas of a castle or fortified mansion are often divided by activitie s, public and private. Bedrooms and servant quarters are private functions while grand halls and ballrooms are public functions. American architect Frank Lloyd Wright took this design idea to heart, most notably with Hollyhock house in California and Wingspread in Wisconsin. More recently, two wings of separation can be found in Perfect Little Houses by Brachvogel and Carosso.Courtyard: The enclosed courtyard was part of the design for early luxury apartment buildings like the Dakota in New York City and for office buildings like the Rookery in Chicago. Secondarily for safety, the inner courtyard afforded larger buildings with natural light to more of the inner spaces.Landscaping: Why do we cut our lawns and manicure the land surrounding our homes? The original reason was to keep an eye on our enemies and potential attackers. While that may still be the reason in some communities, todays landscaping is more of a tradition and social expectation. Sources: Castle and Castrum, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, Third Edition, by John Fleming, Hugh Honour, and Nikolaus Pevsner, Penguin, 1980, pp. 68, 70; Floor plan image of Castle Ashby in the public domain from Arttoday.com; History, Castle Ashby Gardens; Family and History, Compton Estates [accessed July 7, 2016]